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The Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 ((ロシア語:Микоян и Гуревич МиГ-19)) (NATO reporting name: "Farmer") is a Soviet second-generation, single-seat, twin jet-engined fighter aircraft. It was the first Soviet production aircraft capable of supersonic speeds in level flight. A comparable U.S. "Century Series" fighter was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, although the MiG-19 would primarily oppose the more modern McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II and Republic F-105 Thunderchief over North Vietnam. ==Design and development== On 20 April 1951, OKB-155 was given the order to develop the MiG-17 into a new fighter called "I-340", which was to be powered by two Mikulin AM-5 non-after-burning jet engines (a scaled-down version of the Mikulin AM-3) delivering of thrust. The I-340 was supposed to attain (Mach 1) at , (Mach 0.97) at , climb to in 2.9 minutes, and have a service ceiling of no less than . The new fighter, internally designated "SM-1", was designed around the "SI-02" airframe (a MiG-17 prototype) modified to accept two engines in a side-by-side arrangement and was completed in March 1952. The I-340 suffered from poor cockpit pressurization and the engines proved temperamental with frequent flameouts and surges with rapid throttle movements. The engines were upgraded to the AM-5A standard delivering of thrust each, which exceeded the power output of the Klimov VK-1F in afterburner while providing better fuel economy. The SM-1 was barely supersonic, reaching at (Mach 1.03). This performance was deemed insufficient for the new supersonic fighter and an after-burning version of the engine, the AM-5F, was proposed. While not implemented, the AM-5F served as the basis for the Tumansky RD-9 which powered production aircraft. Further development of the twin-engine concept resulted in a government request for the "I-360", internally designated "SM-2", powered by the AM-5F engines, but featured a highly swept wing. The I-360 (SM-2), built in 1952, had longer fuselage, wingspan reduced to , and weight increased to and a new 55° sweep wing. The Nudelman N-37D cannon were moved to the wing roots to open space in a nose for the radar. Cockpit and landing gear were redesigned and a vertical stabilizer of increased area mounting a T-tail was fitted. In April 1952 the first prototype was sent to the ''Letno-Issledovatel'skiy Institut'' (en:flight research institute) (LII), flying for the first time on 27 May 1952 by G. A. Sedov. It was immediately clear that the AM-5A engines were not powerful enough, and they were replaced with AM-5F delivering (dry - wet), allowing a maximum speed of M=1.19 in horizontal flight. Flight testing prompted modifications to the air-brakes and control surfaces, re-designated as the SM-2A and after further modifications the prototype was re-designated again as the SM-2B. The second prototype, SM-2/2 introduced horizontal stabilizers mounted on the upper rear fuselage and guns with shorter barrels. However the AM-5F engine was still not considered powerful enough, and both prototypes received yet more powerful (dry - wet) Mikulin AM-5B engines. Production versions of the AM-5 (Tumansky RD-9) were re-designated RD-9B and the SM-2B was re-designated SM-9/1 when these engines were fitted, effectively becoming the prototype of the MiG-19 series, flying for the first time on 5 January 1954, piloted by G. A. Sedov, making a total of 132 flights. Final changes included a modified air intake, new Nudelman-Rikhter NR-23 guns with 340 rpg, RSIU-3M "Klen" radio, "Uzel-1" transponder, and SRDM-1M "Konus" radio-rangefinder. Initial enthusiasm for the aircraft was dampened by several problems, the most alarming of which was the danger of explosion due to overheating of the fuselage fuel tanks located between the engines; deployment of air-brakes at high speeds caused a high-g pitch-up; elevators lacked authority at supersonic speeds; high landing speed of . Absence of a two-seat trainer version, slowed pilot transition to the type. Handling problems were addressed with the second prototype, SM-9/2, which added a third ventral air-brake and introduced all-moving tail-planes with a damper to prevent pilot-induced oscillations (PIO) at subsonic speeds, flying for the first time on 16 September 1954, entering initial production as the MiG-19. The Soviet of The Ministers of the Soviet Union issued an order #286-133 to start serial production on 17 February 1954 at factories in Gorkiy and Novosibirsk. Factory trials were completed on 12 September 1954, and government trials started on 30 September. Problems with the initial production MiG-19, were addressed in the SM-9/3 prototype which pre-saged the MiG-19S production version, which supplanted the initial MiG-19 in production at Gorkiy and Novosibirsk from June 1956. Approximately 5,500 MiG-19s of all versions were produced, in the USSR, Czechoslovakia as the Avia S-105and People's Republic of China as the Shenyang J-6. The aircraft saw service with a number of other national air forces, including those of Cuba, North Vietnam, Egypt, Pakistan, and North Korea. The aircraft saw combat during the Vietnam War, the 1967 Six Day War, and the 1971 Bangladesh War. All Soviet-built MiG-19 variants were single-seaters only, although the Chinese developed the Shenyang JJ-6 trainer version of the Shenyang J-6. With stabilization problems and "numerous crashes", the Russians had lost faith in the MiG-19, and moved on to the newly emerging MiG-21.〔Michel III, p. 188〕 The J-6 remained a staple of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force until the 1980s and has also been developed into the Nanchang Q-5 (NATO reporting name "Fantan") attack aircraft. Despite its age, the MiG-19 and its descendants exhibit good handling characteristics at low altitude and a surprisingly high rate of climb, and their heavy cannon armament, (a one-second burst from three Nudelman-Rikhter NR-30 cannon had a total projectile mass of making the MiG-19 a formidable adversary in close combat. Russian built MiG-19s were still in service in North Korea and Zambia . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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